In the United States, HIV-related illness and death historically have had a tremendous impact on men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM accounted for 70% of all estimated HIV infections (including MSM who are also injection drug users) among male adults and adolescents in 2004 (based on data from 35 areas with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting), even though only about 5% to 7% of male adults and adolescents in the United States identify themselves as MSM, and 51% of all people receiving a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS that year.1 2 And despite decreases in the number of HIV diagnoses for MSM during the 1980s and 1990s, recent surveillance data show an increase of 8% in the number of HIV diagnoses among MSM from 2003 to 2004. 3 4
However, MSM are not alone in their risk; more than one-fourth (28%) of all AIDS cases among men in the United States occurred through injection drug use and heterosexual sexual contact. 5
Featured Links
HIV/AIDS among Men Who Have Sex With Men
Fact sheet from the Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention of the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/resources/factsheets/msm.htm
HPV and Men
Fact sheet from CDC’s Division of STD Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-and-men.htm
What Are Heterosexual Men’s HIV Prevention Needs?
Fact sheet from the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco.
http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/pubs/FS/revhetmen.php
Symptomatic Early Neurosyphilis Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men --- Four Cities, United States, January 2002--June 2004
From CDC’s MMWR Weekly June 29, 2007 / 56(25);625-628
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5625a1.htm
Rapid HIV Testing Among Racial/Ethnic Minority Men at Gay Pride Events—Nine U.S. Cities, 2004–2006
From CDC’s MMWR Weekly June 22, 2007 / 56(24);602-604
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5624a3.htm?s_cid=mm5624a3_e
CDC Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Portal
From CDC
http://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/index.htm
Research Summary: Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States
From the American Journal of Public Health, June 2007, Vol. 97 No. 6
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/resources/other/ajph_msm_race.htm
Using the Internet for Partner Notification of Sexually Transmitted Diseases--Los Angeles County, California, 2003
MMWR: February 20, 2004 / Vol. 53(6): 129-131
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5306a4.htm
Increases in HIV Diagnoses--29 States, 1999-2002
MMWR: November 28, 2003, Vol. 52/47: 1145-1148
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5247a2.htm
Primary and Secondary Syphilis--United States, 2002
MMWR: November 21, 2003, Vol. 52/46: 1117-1120
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5246a1.htm
HIV Testing Survey, 2000; HIV/AIDS Special Surveillance Report, Volume 1, Number 1 [HTML]
HIV/AIDS Surveillance Supplemental Report from the Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention of the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2003spec_vol1no1/default.htm
HIV/AIDS Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity (Updated through 2005)
Slide set from the Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention of the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/race-ethnicity/index.htm
Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Fact sheet from the Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention of the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/latex.htm
Promoting More Gender-equitable Norms and Behaviors Among Young Men as an HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategy
Report From Instituto Promundo and Horizons
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/horizons/brgendernorms.pdf
Partners for Change: Enlisting Men in HIV/AIDS Prevention
Report From United Nations Population Fund
http://www.unfpa.org/intercenter/partners/pdf/partnersforchange.pdf
Young Men and HIV: Culture, Poverty and Sexual Risk
Report from Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)/The Panos Institute 2000
http://www.panos.org.uk/files/youngmenandhivculture.pdf
Evaluation of Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Practices for Male Patients With Urethritis at a Large Group Practice Affiliated With a Managed Care Organization - Massachusetts, 1995-1997
MMWR: June 8, 2001 / Vol. 50 / No. 22
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5022a2.htm
Study Sheds Light on Role of Gender Differences in the Risk of HIV Infection Among Injection Drug Users: High-Risk Sexual Activity Plays Key Role
News release from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2001/nida-27.htm
Prevalence of Risk Behaviors for HIV Infection Among Adults - United States, 1997
MMWR: April 13, 2001 / Vol. 50 / No. 14
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5014a2.htm
Study Confirms Gender Differences in Progression from HIV to AIDS
News release from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/hivgender.htm
Peer Education and HIV/AIDS: Past Experience, Future Directions [PDF]
Report from The Population Council
http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/peer_ed.pdf
Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic - U.S. 2003
MMWR 2003 Apr 18; 52(15):329-332.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5215a1.htm
HIV Prevalence, Unrecognized Infection, & HIV Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men - Five U.S. Cities, June 2004-April 2005
MMWR June 24, 2005; 54(24); 597-601.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5424a2.htm
High Risk Sexual Behavior by HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men-16 sites, U.S. 2000-2002
MMWR Oct 1, 2004; 53(38).
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5338.pdf
Trends in Primary & Secondary Syphilis & HIV Infections in Men Who Have Sex With Men-San Francisco & Los Angeles, California 1998-2002.
MMWR July 9, 2004, 53(26).
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5326.pdf
Transmission of Primary & Secondary Syphilis by Oral Sex - Chicago, Illinois 1998-2002
MMWR Oct 22, 2004, 53(41); 966-968.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5341a2.htm
1 CDC. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2004. Vol. 16. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2005:1-46
2 Binson D, Michaels S, Stall R, et al. Prevalence and social distribution of men who have sex with men: United States and its urban centers. Journal of Sex Research 1995; 32:245-254.
3 CDC. Increases in HIV diagnoses – 29 states, 1999-2002. MMWR 2003; 52:1145-1148.
4 CDC. Trends in HIV/AIDS diagnoses – 33 states, 2001-2004. MMWR 2005; 54:1149-1153.
5 Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco. What Are Heterosexual Men’s HIV Prevention Needs?
